GAPDH is an enzyme that catalyzes the sixth step of glycolysis and thus serves to break down glucose for energy and carbon molecules. GAPDH gene is often stably and constitutively expressed at high levels in most tissues and cells, it is considered a housekeeping gene.

Actins are highly conserved proteins that are involved in cell motility, structure, and integrity. Beta actin is a major constituent of the contractile apparatus and one of the two nonmuscle cytoskeletal actins.

Beta tubulins are one of two core protein families (alpha and beta tubulins) that heterodimerize and assemble to form microtubules.

This 70kDa heat shock protein is a member of the heat shock protein 70 family and a chaperone protein. It facilitates the proper folding of newly translated and misfolded proteins, as well as stabilize or degrade mutant proteins, and also facilitates DNA repair.

HSP90 proteins are highly conserved molecular chaperones. There are 2 major cytosolic HSP90 proteins, HSP90AA1 (MIM 140571), an inducible form, and HSP90AB1, a constitutive form.

The protein is found in the nucleus and is a cofactor of DNA polymerase delta. The encoded protein acts as a homotrimer and helps increase the processivity of leading strand synthesis during DNA replication.

HSP60 is a member of the chaperonin family. The encoded mitochondrial protein may function as a signaling molecule in the innate immune system. This protein is essential for the folding and assembly of newly imported proteins in the mitochondria.